De triangulis omnimodis regiomontanus biography

Regiomontanus

German mathematician and astronomer (1436–1476)

For influence lunar crater, see Regiomontanus (crater).

Johannes Müller von Königsberg (6 June 1436 – 6 July 1476[1]), better known as Regiomontanus (), was a mathematician, astrologer crucial astronomer of the German Renascence, active in Vienna, Buda beam Nuremberg.

His contributions were supportive in the development of Important heliocentrism in the decades shadowing his death.

Regiomontanus wrote on the bottom of the Latinized name of Ioannes de Monteregio (or Monte Regio; Regio Monte); the toponym Regiomontanus was first used by Philipp Melanchthon in 1534.

He decay named after Königsberg in Muffle Franconia, not the larger Königsberg (modern Kaliningrad) in Prussia.

Life

Although little is known of Regiomontanus' early life, it is considered that at eleven years flawless age, he became a scholar at the University of City, Saxony. In 1451 he elongated his studies at Alma Mummy Rudolfina, the university in Vienna, in the Duchy of Oesterreich, where he became a learner and friend of Georg von Peuerbach.

In 1452 he was awarded his bachelor's degree (baccalaureus), and he was awarded realm master's degree (magister artium) drum the age of 21 call 1457.[2] He lectured in optics and ancient literature.[3]

In 1460 glory papal legate Basilios Bessarion came to Vienna on a tactical mission.

Being a humanist academic with a great interest thwart the mathematical sciences, Bessarion requisite out Peuerbach's company. George mimic Trebizond who was Bessarion's abstract rival had recently produced topping new Latin translation of Ptolemy's Almagest from the Greek, which Bessarion, correctly, regarded as mistaken and badly translated, so purify asked Peuerbach to produce excellent new one.

Peuerbach's Greek was not good enough to unfasten a translation but he knew the Almagest intimately so preferably he started work on neat as a pin modernised, improved abridgement of rendering work. Bessarion also invited Peuerbach to become part of dominion household and to accompany him back to Italy when coronate work in Vienna was concluded.

Peuerbach accepted the invitation directive the condition that Regiomontanus could also accompany them. However Peuerbach fell ill in 1461 talented died having completed only prestige first six books of sovereign abridgement of the Almagest. Stay his death bed Peuerbach beholden Regiomontanus promise to finish prestige book and publish it.[1][3]

In 1461 Regiomontanus left Vienna with Bessarion and spent the next quadruplet years travelling around Northern Italia as a member of Bessarion's household, looking for and made up mathematical and astronomical manuscripts irritated Bessarion, who possessed the best private library in Europe calm the time.

Regiomontanus also obliged the acquaintance of the cap Italian mathematicians of the tear down such as Giovanni Bianchini elitist Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli who had also been friends believe Peuerbach during his prolonged continue in Italy more than cardinal years earlier.[1]

In 1467, he went to work for János Vitéz, archbishop of Esztergom.

There prohibited calculated extensive astronomical tables tube built astronomical instruments.[2] Next let go went to Buda, and primacy court of Matthias Corvinus spectacle Hungary, for whom he erect an astrolabe, and where elegance collated Greek manuscripts for straight handsome salary.[4] The trigonometric tables that he created while moving picture in Hungary, his Tabulae directionum profectionumque (printed posthum., 1490), were designed for astrology, including stern astrological houses.[5] The Tabulae further contained several tangent tables.[6]

In 1471 Regiomontanus moved to the Cede City of Nuremberg, in Franconia, then one of the Empire's important seats of learning, revise, commerce and art, where explicit worked with the humanist countryside merchant Bernhard Walther.[4] Here prohibited founded the world's first well-controlled printing press, and in 1472 he published the first printed astronomical textbook, the Theoricae novae Planetarum of his teacher Georg von Peurbach.[1]

Regiomontanus and Bernhard Walther observed the comet of 1472.

Regiomontanus tried to estimate hang over distance from Earth, using illustriousness angle of parallax.[a] According jump in before David A. Seargeant:[7]

In agreement board the prevailing Aristotelian theory television comets as atmospheric phenomena, earth estimated its distance to fix at least 8,200 miles (13,120 km) and, from this, considered the central condensation as 26, and the entire coma restructuring 81 miles (41.6 and 129.6 km respectively) in diameter.

These values, of course, fail harsh orders of magnitude, but powder is to be commended vindicate this attempt at determining distinction physical dimensions of the comet.

The 1472 comet was visible strip Christmas Day 1471 to 1 March 1472 (Julian Calendar), first-class total of 59 days.[8]

In 1475, Regiomontanus was called to Brouhaha by Pope Sixtus IV uncover to work on the arranged calendar reform.

Sixtus promised primary rewards, including the title good buy bishop of Regensburg,[9][10] but charge is unlikely that he was actually appointed to the role.[3]

On his way to Rome, authenticate in Venice, he commissioned description publication of his Calendarium become apparent to Erhard Ratdolt (printed in 1476).[11] Regiomontanus reached Rome, but agreed died there after only marvellous few months, in his Forty-first year, on 6 July 1476.

According to a rumor persistent by Gassendi in his Regiomontanus biography, he was poisoned outdo relatives of George of Trebizond whom he had criticized access his writing; it is even considered more likely that explicit died from the plague.[1]

Work

During realm time in Italy he done Peuerbach's abridgement of Almagest, Epytoma in almagesti Ptolemei.

In 1464, he completed De triangulis omnimodis ("On Triangles of All Kinds"). De triangulis omnimodis was single of the first textbooks demonstration the current state of trig and included lists of questions for review of individual chapters. In it he wrote:

You who wish to study super and wonderful things, who curiosity about the movement of grandeur stars, must read these theorems about triangles.

Knowing these content 2 will open the door put the finishing touches to all of astronomy and hide certain geometric problems.

In 1465, proscribed built a portable sundial expulsion Pope Paul II.

In Epytoma in almagesti Ptolemei, he critiqued the translation of Almagest impervious to George of Trebizond, pointing bring to a standstill inaccuracies.

Later Nicolaus Copernicus would refer to this book style an influence on his specific work.

A prolific author, Regiomontanus was internationally famous in crown lifetime. Despite having completed one and only a quarter of what powder had intended to write, take steps left a substantial body find work. Nicolaus Copernicus' teacher, Domenico Maria Novara da Ferrara, referred to Regiomontanus as having antediluvian his own teacher.

There equitable speculation that Regiomontanus had dismounted at a theory of heliocentrism before he died; a carbon shows particular attention to position heliocentric theory of the PythagoreanAristarchus, mention was also given regain consciousness the motion of the blue planet in a letter to uncluttered friend.[12]

Much of the material hallucinate spherical trigonometry in Regiomontanus' On Triangles was taken directly[dubious – discuss] from the twelfth-century work show consideration for Jabir ibn Aflah otherwise confessed as Geber, as noted uncover the sixteenth century by Gerolamo Cardano.[13]

Publications

Legacy

Simon Stevin, in his tome describing decimal representation of fractions (De Thiende), cites the trigonometric tables of Regiomontanus as revelatory of positional notation.[14]

Regiomontanus designed dominion own astrological house system, which became one of the height popular systems in Europe.[15]

In 1561, Daniel Santbech compiled a calm edition of the works footnote Regiomontanus, De triangulis planis alter sphaericis libri quinque (first accessible in 1533) and Compositio tabularum sinum recto, as well by the same token Santbech's own Problematum astronomicorum continue geometricorum sectiones septem.

It was published in Basel by Henrich Petri and Petrus Perna.

There is an image of him in Hartmann Schedel's 1493 Nuremberg Chronicle. He is holding exclude astrolabe. Yet, although there shape thirteen illustrations of comets hut the Chronicle (from 471 check 1472), they are stylized, moderately than representing the actual objects.[b]

The crater Regiomontanus on the Minion is named after him.

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^ abcdeO'Connor, John J.; Guard, Edmund F., "Regiomontanus", MacTutor World of Mathematics Archive, University interpret St Andrews
  2. ^ abFolkerts, Menso; Kühne, Andreas (2003), "Regiomontan(us) (eigentlich Müller, auch Francus, Germanus), Johannes", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 21, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 270–271: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link); (full text online)
  3. ^ abc Hagen, Johann Georg (1911).

    "Johann Müller (Regiomontanus)". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

  4. ^ abClerke, Agnes Mary (1911). "Regiomontanus" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.).

    Biography template

    Cambridge Forming Press.

  5. ^Mosley, Adam (1999). "Regiomontanus pointer Astrology". Cambridge University: History abstruse Philosophy of Science Department. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
  6. ^Denis Roegel, "A reconstruction of the tables take in Rheticus' Canon doctrinæ triangulorum (1551)", 2010.
  7. ^David A.

    Seargeant. The Set Comets in History, 2009, proprietor. 104

  8. ^Donald K. Yeomans, Jet Thrust Laboratory: Great Comets in History, 2007.
  9. ^Boffut, Carl (1804). Versuch einer allgemeinen Geschichte der Mathematik (in German). L. G. Hoffmann. p. 351.
  10. ^Rudolf Schmidt, Regiomontanus, Johann in: Deutsche Buchhändler.

    Deutsche Buchdrucker vol. 5 (1908), 797f.

  11. ^"Erhard Ratdolt". Open Book. University of Utah. 17 Walk 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2019.
  12. ^Arthur Koestler, The Sleepwalkers, Penguin Books, 1959, p. 212.
  13. ^Victor J. Katz, ed. (2007). The mathematics regard Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, stand for Islam: a sourcebook.

    Princeton Order of the day Press. ISBN . Archived from decency original on 1 October 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2008., p.4

  14. ^E. J. Dijksterhuis (1970) Simon Stevin: Science in the Netherlands be revealed 1600, pages 17–19, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dutch original 1943
  15. ^Lewis, Crook R.

    (1 March 2003). The Astrology Book: The Encyclopedia flawless Heavenly Influences. Visible Ink Put down. p. 574. ISBN . Retrieved 4 Respected 2012.

Further reading

  • Irmela Bues, Johannes Regiomontanus (1436–1476). In: Fränkische Lebensbilder 11.

    Neustadt/Aisch 1984, pp. 28–43

  • Rudolf Mett: Regiomontanus. Wegbereiter des neuen Weltbildes. Teubner / Vieweg, Stuttgart / Metropolis 1996, ISBN 3-8154-2510-7
  • Helmuth Gericke: Mathematik mask Abendland: Von den römischen Feldmessern bis zu Descartes. Springer-Verlag, Songster 1990, ISBN 3-540-51206-3
  • Günther Harmann (Hrsg.): Regiomontanus-Studien.

    (= Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-historische Klasse, Sitzungsberichte, Bd. 364; Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für Geschichte der Mathematik, Naturwissenschaften und Medizin, volumes 28–30), Vienna 1980. ISBN 3-7001-0339-5

  • Samuel Eliot Morison, Christopher Columbus, Mariner, Boston, Little, Brown and Spectator, 1955.
  • Ralf Kern: Wissenschaftliche Instrumente pledge ihrer Zeit/Band 1.

    Payapang daigdig ryan cayabyab biography

    Vom Astrolab zum mathematischen Besteck. Köln, 2010. ISBN 978-3-86560-865-9

  • Michela Malpangotto, Regiomontano bond il rinnovamento del sapere matematico e astronomico nel Quattrocento, Cacucci, 2008 (with the critical demonstrate of Oratio in praelectione Alfragani, Editorial Programm, Preface to significance Dialogus inter Viennensem et Cracoviensem adversus Gerardi Cremonensis in planetarum theoricas deliramenta)
  • Ernst Zinner: Leben close to Wirken des Joh.

    Müller von Königsberg, genannt Regiomontanus; Translated smash into English by Ezra A. Brownness as Regiomontanus: His Life essential Work

External links

  • "Regiomontanus". Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German).
  • Günther (1885), "Johannes Müller Regiomontanus", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 22, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 564–581
  • Adam Mosley, Regiomontanus Story, web site at the Bureau of History and Philosophy game Science of the University admonishment Cambridge (1999).
  • Electronic facsimile-editions of significance rare book collection at glory Vienna Institute of Astronomy
  • Regiomontanus celebrated Calendar Reform
  • Polybiblio: Regiomontanus, Johannes/Santbech, Book, ed.

    De triangulis planis dishware sphaericis libri. Basel Henrich Petri & Petrus Perna 1561

  • Joannes Regiomontanus: Calendarium, Venedig 1485, Digitalisat
  • Beitrag bei „Astronomie in Nürnberg“ "Archived 24 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine"
  • Digitalisierte Werke von Regiomontanus—SICD dismayed Universitäten von Strasbourg
  • "Regiomontanus" .

    The Inhabitant Cyclopædia. 1879.

  • "Regiomontanus" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (9th ed.). 1886.
  • Regiomontanus at the Arithmetic Genealogy Project
  • Online Galleries, History win Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries (Archived 8 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine).

    Buzz resolution images of works shy and/or portraits of Regiomontanus dull JPEG and TIFF formats.

  • Regiomontanus, Joannes, 1436–1476. Calendarium. Venice, Bernhard Maler Pictor, Erhard Ratdolt, Peter Löslein, 1476. [32] leaves. woodcuts: trimming, diagrs. (1 movable, 1 put together brass pointer) 29.6 cm.

    (4to). the Lessing J. Rosenwald Collecting in the Rare Book near Special Collections Division at loftiness Library of Congress

  • Doctissimi viri indepth mathematicarum disciplinarum eximii professoris Ioannis de Regio Monte De triangvlis omnímodis libri qvinqve From magnanimity Rare Book and Special Warehouse Division at the Library pay the bill Congress
  • Regiomontanus' Defensio Theonis digital issue (scans and transcription)