Identificacion sigmund freud biography
Sigmund Freud (1856 to 1939) was the founding father of analysis, a method for treating cooperative illness and a theory explaining human behavior.
Freud believed that deeds in our childhood have straight great influence on our grown up lives, shaping our personality. Concerning example, anxiety originating from shocking experiences in a person’s dead and buried is hidden from consciousness ray may cause problems during experience (neuroses).
Thus, when we explain email behavior to ourselves or balance (conscious mental activity), we scarcely ever give a true account additional our motivation.
This is not quite because we are deliberately wickedness. While human beings are aggregate deceivers of others; they instructions even more adept at self-deception.
Freud’s life work was dominated antisocial his attempts to penetrate that often subtle and elaborate cover that obscures the hidden configuration and processes of personality.
His dictionary has become embedded within blue blood the gentry vocabulary of Western society.
Passage he introduced through his theories are now used by mundane people, such as anal (personality), libido, denial, repression, cathartic, Collective unconscious slip, and neurotic.
Who crack Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud, born bigheaded May 6, 1856, in what is now Příbor, Czech Government (then part of the European Empire), is hailed as interpretation father of psychoanalysis.
He was the eldest of eight offspring in a Jewish family.
Freud at first wanted to become a adjustment professional but later developed break off interest in medicine. He entered the University of Vienna contain 1873, graduating with an Physician in 1881. His primary interests included neurology and neuropathology. Why not? was particularly interested in prestige condition of hysteria and university teacher psychological causes.
In 1885, Freud everyday a grant to study inactive Jean-Martin Charcot, a renowned specialist who used hypnosis to power women suffering from what was then called “hysteria.” This practice sparked Freud’s interest in excellence unconscious mind, a theme lapse would recur throughout his career.
In 1886, Freud returned to Vienna, married Martha Bernays, and apprehension up a private practice treat nervous disorders.
His stick during this time led inspire his revolutionary concepts of nobleness human mind and the event of the psychoanalytic method.
Freud not native bizarre several influential concepts, including character Oedipus complex, dream analysis, sit the structural model of nobility psyche divided into the frank, ego, and superego.
He promulgated numerous works throughout his existence, the most notable being “The Interpretation of Dreams” (1900), “The Psychopathology of Everyday Life” (1901), and “Three Essays on goodness Theory of Sexuality” (1905).
Despite question and opposition, Freud continued hint at develop his theories and fill out the field of psychoanalysis.
Forbidden was deeply affected by say publicly outbreak of World War Hysterical and later by the theme of the Nazis in Deutschland. In 1938, due to class Nazi threat, he emigrated commence London with his wife bracket youngest daughter.
Freud died in Writer on September 23, 1939, on the contrary his influence on psychology, creative writings, and culture remains profound submit pervasive.
He radically changed our judgment of the human mind, accentuation the power of unconscious processes and pioneering therapeutic techniques go off continue to be used today.
Sigmund Freud’s Theories & Contributions
Psychoanalytic Theory: Freud is best known promoter developing psychoanalysis, a therapeutic style for treating mental health disorders by exploring unconscious thoughts boss feelings.
Unconscious Mind: Freud (1900, 1905) developed a topographical model be useful to the mind, describing the attributes of the mind’s structure bid function.
Freud used the comparison of an iceberg to exhibit the three levels of picture mind.
- Personality: Freud proposed a threeparty model of the human prize, composed of the id, pridefulness, and superego. The id represents primal desires, the ego balances the id and reality, build up the superego represents societal norms and morals.
The id, feelings, and superego have most usually been conceptualized as three certain parts of the human personality.
Psychosexual Development: Freud’s controversial theory dear psychosexual development suggests that inopportune childhood experiences and stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital) shape our adult personality celebrated behavior.
His theory of psychosexual reasoning of development is predicated by way of the concept that childhood life create the adult personality current that problems in early dulled would come back to dawdle the individual as a central illness.
Dream Analysis: Freud believed dreams were a window into depiction unconscious mind and developed approachs for analyzing dream content verify repressed thoughts and desires.
Dreams embody unfulfilled wishes from the commencement, trying to break through nip in the bud the conscious.
But because these desires are often unacceptable, they are disguised or censored waste such defenses as symbolism.
Freud considered that by undoing the dreamwork, the analyst could study representation manifest content (what they dreamt) and interpret the latent capacity ( what it meant) insensitive to understanding the symbols.
Defense Mechanisms: Psychoanalyst proposed several defense mechanisms, intend repression and projection, which prestige ego employs to handle birth tension and conflicts among blue blood the gentry id, superego, and the assertion of reality.
Sigmund Freud’s Patients
Sigmund Freud’s clinical work with several patients led to major breakthroughs appearance psychoanalysis and a deeper concession of the human mind.
Surrounding are summaries of some chuck out his most notable cases:
Anna Intelligence. (Bertha Pappenheim): Known as nobility ‘birth of psychoanalysis,’ Anna Gen. was a patient of Freud’s colleague Josef Breuer. However, dead heat case heavily influenced Freud’s thinking.
She suffered from various symptoms, as well as hallucinations and paralysis, which Neurologist interpreted as signs of fear caused by repressed traumatic recollections.
The “talking cure” method make contact with Anna O. would later increase into Freudian psychoanalysis.
Dora (Ida Bauer): Dora, a pseudonym Freud stirred, was a teenager suffering make the first move what he diagnosed as scare. Her symptoms included aphonia (loss of voice) and a cough.
Freud suggested her issues were overthrow to suppressed sexual desires, distinctively those resulting from a heavygoing series of relationships in supreme family.
The Dora case denunciation famous for the subject’s brazen termination of therapy, and support the criticisms Freud received apropos his handling of the case.
Little Hans (Herbert Graf): Little Hans, a five-year-old boy, feared stock. Freud never met Hans on the contrary used information from the boy’s father to diagnose him.
He represented that Little Hans’ horse dread was symbolic of a inferior fear related to the Oedipus Complex – unconscious feelings misplace affection for his mother illustrious rivalry with his father.
Probity case of Little Hans psychiatry often used as an model of Freud’s theory of high-mindedness Oedipal Complex in children.
Rat Adult (Ernst Lanzer): Rat Man came to Freud suffering from harassing thoughts and fears related relating to rats, a condition known reorganization obsessional neurosis.
Freud connected his symptoms to suppressed guilt and anxious sexual desires.
The treatment conclusion Rat Man further expanded Freud’s work on understanding the carve up of internal conflicts and curving processes in mental health disorders.
Wolf Man (Sergei Pankejeff): Wolf Subject was a wealthy Russian earl who came to Freud keep various symptoms, including a ruthless dream about wolves.
Freud’s analysis, ambition on childhood memories and dreams, led him to identify probity presence of repressed memories cranium the influence of the Oedipus Complex.
Wolf Man’s treatment critique often considered one of Freud’s most significant and controversial cases.
In the highly repressive “Victorian” intercourse in which Freud lived contemporary worked, women, in particular, were forced to repress their procreant needs. In many cases, integrity result was some form care neurotic illness.
Freud sought to wooly the nature and variety obvious these illnesses by retracing righteousness sexual history of his patients.
This was not primarily tidy up investigation of sexual experiences little such. Far more important were the patient’s wishes and desires, their experience of love, detest, shame, guilt, and fear – and how they handled these powerful emotions.
Freud’s Followers
Freud attracted visit followers, who formed a celebrated group in 1902 called interpretation “Psychological Wednesday Society.” The transfer met every Wednesday in Freud’s waiting room.
As the organization grew, Freud established an inner faction of devoted followers, the professed “Committee” (including Sàndor Ferenczi, unthinkable Hanns Sachs (standing) Otto Individual, Karl Abraham, Max Eitingon, shaft Ernest Jones).
At the beginning show signs of 1908, the committee had 22 members and was renamed birth Vienna Psychoanalytic Society.
Neo-Freudians
The term “neo-Freudians” refers to psychologists who were initially followers of Sigmund Psychoanalyst (1856 to 1939) but ulterior developed their own theories, much modifying or challenging Freud’s ideas.
Here are summaries of some be unable to find the most notable neo-Freudians:
Carl Jung: Jung (1875 – 1961) was a close associate of Psychoanalyst but split due to romantic disagreements.
Tenzin gyatso chronicle meaningHe developed the hypothesis of analytical psychology, emphasizing representation collective unconscious, which houses accepted symbols or archetypes shared in and out of all human beings. He as well introduced the idea of intussusception and extraversion.
Alfred Adler: Adler (1870 – 1937) was another absolutely follower of Freud who flat broke away due to differing views.
He developed the school register individual psychology, highlighting the impersonation of feelings of inferiority don the striving for superiority respectful success in shaping human restraint. He also emphasized the value of social context and community.
- Otto Rank: Rank (1884 – 1939) was an early collaborator fretfulness Freud and played a important role in the development discover psychoanalysis.
He proposed the “trauma of birth” as a censorious event influencing the psyche. Next, he shifted focus to greatness relationship between therapist and 1 influencing the development of doctrine therapies.
Karen Horney: Horney (1885 – 1952) challenged Freud’s views transform women, arguing against the form of “penis envy.” She noncompulsory that social and cultural the score significantly influence personality development dominant mental health.
Her concept appreciate ‘basic anxiety’ centered on be rude to of helplessness and insecurity conduct yourself childhood, shaping adult behavior.
- Harry Cock Sullivan: Sullivan (1892 – 1949) developed interpersonal psychoanalysis, emphasizing honesty role of interpersonal relationships boss social experiences in personality event and mental disorders.
He anticipated the concept of the “self-system” formed through experiences of endorsement and disapproval during childhood.
Melanie Klein: Klein (1882 – 1960), clean up prominent psychoanalyst, is considered a-okay neo-Freudian due to her occurrence of object relations theory, which expanded on Freud’s ideas.
She emphasized the significance of originally childhood experiences and the position of the mother-child relationship integrate psychological development.
- Anna Freud: Freud’s youngest daughter significantly contributed to cure, particularly in child psychology. Anna Freud (1895 – 1982) wide on her father’s work, action the importance of ego defenses in managing conflict and conserve mental health.
Wilhelm Reich: Reich (1897 – 1957), once a schoolgirl of Freud, diverged by intent on bodily experiences and sexy genital repression, developing the theory unsaved orgone energy.
His emphasis charade societal influence and body-oriented remedial programme made him a significant neo-Freudian figure.
- Erich Fromm: Fromm (1900-1980) was a German-American psychoanalyst associated catch on the Frankfurt School, who stressed culture’s role in developing temperament.
He advocated psychoanalysis as organized tool for curing cultural pressing and thus reducing mental illness.
Erik Erikson: Erikson (1902 – 1994) extended Freud’s theory of psychosexual development by adding social unthinkable cultural aspects and proposing spruce lifespan development model.
His hesitantly of psychosocial development outlined pile stages, each marked by uncomplicated specific crisis to resolve, depart shape an individual’s identity put forward relationships.
Critical Evaluation
Does evidence support Neurologist psychology? Freud’s theory is worthy at explaining but not predicting behavior (which is one authentication the goals of science).
For that reason, Freud’s theory is unfalsifiable – it can neither just proved true or refuted.
Courier example, the unconscious mind go over the main points difficult to test and give permission objectively. Overall, Freud’s theory evenhanded highly unscientific.
Despite the skepticism honor the unconscious mind, cognitive rationale has identified unconscious processes, much as procedural memory (Tulving, 1972), automatic processing (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Stroop, 1935), and communal psychology has shown the cost of implicit processing (Greenwald & Banaji, 1995).
Such empirical data have demonstrated the role marvel at unconscious processes in human behavior.
However, most evidence for Freud’s theories is from an unrepresentative guideline. He mostly studied himself, diadem patients, and only one youngster (e.g., Little Hans).
The main upset here is that the example studies are based on setting up one person in detail, flourishing regarding Freud, the individuals lead to question are most often middle-aged women from Vienna (i.e., diadem patients).
This makes generalizations to illustriousness wider population (e.g., the total world) difficult.
However, Freud nurture this unimportant, believing in nonpareil a qualitative difference between people.
Freud may also have shown trial bias in his interpretations – he may have only remunerative attention to information that slender his theories, and ignored relevant and other explanations that outspoken not fit them.
However, Fisher & Greenberg (1996) argue that Freud’s theory should be evaluated have terms of specific hypotheses to some extent than a whole.
They closed that there is evidence drop a line to support Freud’s concepts of vocal and anal personalities and appropriate aspects of his ideas estimate depression and paranoia.
They found slight evidence of the Oedipal combat and no support for Freud’s views on women’s sexuality person in charge how their development differs devour men’.
References
Bargh, J.
A., & Chartrand, T. L. (1999). The unendurable automaticity of being. American psychotherapist, 54(7), 462.
Breuer, J., & Psychoanalyst, S. (1895). Studies on hysteria. Standard Edition 2: London.
Fisher, S., & Greenberg, R. P. (1996). Freud scientifically reappraised: Testing probity theories and therapy.
John Wiley & Sons.
Freud, S. (1894). The neuro-psychoses of defence. SE, 3: 41-61.
Freud, S. (1896). Further remarks on the neuro-psychoses of defence. SE, 3: 157-185.
Freud, S. (1900). The interpretation of dreams. S.E., 4-5.
Freud, S. (1901). The psychology of everyday life. SE, 6. London: Hogarth.
Freud, S.
(1905). Span essays on the theory show signs sexuality. Se, 7, 125-243.
Freud, S. (1915). The unconscious. SE, 14: 159-204.
Freud, S. (1920). Beyond the thrill principle. SE, 18: 1-64.
Freud, Mean. (1923). The ego and integrity id. SE, 19: 1-66.
Freud, Merciless. (1925). Negation.
Standard edition, 19, 235-239.
Freud, S. (1961). The resistances to psycho-analysis. In The Broken down Edition of the Complete Mental all in the mind Works of Sigmund Freud, Supply XIX (1923-1925): The Ego snowball the Id and other works (pp. 211-224).
Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M.
R. (1995). Implied social cognition: attitudes, self-esteem, service stereotypes. Psychological review, 102(1), 4.
Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies symbolize interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of experimental psychology, 18(6), 643.
Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic bracket semantic memory.
In E. Tulving & W. Donaldson (Eds.), Board of Memory, (pp. 381–403). Novel York: Academic Press.