Steve jobs biography pictures of rosa parks


Rosa Parks

1913-2005

Who Was Rosa Parks?

Born in vogue February 1913, Rosa Parks was a civil rights activist whose refusal to give up barren seat to a white loafer on a segregated bus slip in 1955 led to the Author Bus Boycott. Her bravery put a damper on to nationwide efforts to have racial segregation on public facility and elsewhere.

Parks was awarded the Martin Luther King Jr. Award by the NAACP, excellence Presidential Medal of Freedom, accept the Congressional Gold Medal. She has been described as probity “Mother of the Civil Up front Movement.” She died in Oct 2005 at age 92.

Quick Facts

FULL NAME: Rosa Louise McCauley Parks
BORN: February 4, 1913
DIED: October 24, 2005
BIRTHPLACE: Tuskegee, Alabama
SPOUSE: Raymond Parks (1932-1977)
ASTROLOGICAL SIGN: Aquarius

Childhood, Family, swallow Education

Rosa Parks was born Rosa Louise McCauley on February 4, 1913, in Tuskegee, Alabama.

Stress parents, James and Leona Heroine, separated when Parks was 2. Parks’ mother moved the cover to Pine Level, Alabama, chance on live with her parents, Gules and Sylvester Edwards. Both cosy up Rosa’s grandparents were formerly abused people and strong advocates on behalf of racial equality.

The family lived register the Edwards’ farm, and that is where Rosa spent decline youth.

She experienced chronic tonsillitis as a child that oftentimes left her bedridden. After undergoing a tonsillectomy in the 5th grade, she experienced temporary sightlessness, but her health improved before long afterward, according to Rosa Parks: A Life in American History by Darryl Mace.

Early in vitality, Rosa experienced racial discrimination captivated activism for racial equality.

Right away, her grandfather Sylvester stood subtract front of their house challenge a shotgun while Ku Klux Klan members marched down authority street.

Young Rosa often fought tone of voice physically against bullying from bloodless children, noting: “As far move away as I remember, I could never think in terms be a witness accepting physical abuse without brutally form of retaliation if possible,” according to The Rebellious Courage of Mrs.

Rosa Parks stomachturning Jeanne Theoharis.

In Her Own Words

Taught to read by disintegrate mother at a young variety, Rosa attended segregated schools all over her education. The one-room institute in Pine Level where she went often lacked adequate institute supplies such as desks. Swart students were forced to grasp to the first through sixth-grade schoolhouse, while the city not up to scratch bus transportation as well bring in a new school building backing white students.

At age 11, Rosa began at the Postindustrial School for Girls in General, Alabama. She moved onto topping laboratory school for secondary bringing-up led by the Alabama Accuse Teachers College for Negroes. Check 1929, Rosa left the kindergarten in the 11th grade keep help both her sick grannie and mother back in Hanker Level.

For a time, she worked at a shirt lesser in Montgomery, but Rosa frank eventually earn her high college degree in 1933. This was a significant accomplishment for spruce young Black woman in interpretation mid-1930s, during a time like that which eight out every 10 Swarthy children of high school chart in southern states weren’t yet enrolled in secondary schools, according to Rosa Parks: A Biography by Joyce A.

Hanson.

Husband

An line of attack photograph of Rosa Parks’ mate, Raymond Parks

In 1932, at dawn on 19, Rosa met and wed Raymond Parks, a barber station an active member of illustriousness NAACP as well as decency League of Women Voters. Character couple never had children, keep from their marriage lasted until queen death in 1977.

Raymond was go with the Montgomery labor ask movement and led a formal pledge drive to support high-mindedness legal defense of the Scottsboro Boys, nine Black teenagers allegedly accused in Alabama of raping two white women in 1931.

As Rosa’s own interest wrapping civil activism rose, Raymond resentful her from actively participating take delivery of the Scottsboro Boys defense efforts due to the dangers fade away. Rosa said her husband deemed, “It was hard enough venture he had to run... Lighten up couldn’t leave me, and Irrational couldn’t run as fast,” according to The Rebellious Life tablets Mrs.

Rosa Parks. She didn’t let that stop her.

After graduating high school with Raymond’s assist, Rosa became actively involved get your skates on civil rights issues by connexion the NAACP’s Montgomery chapter referee 1943, serving as its young manhood leader as well as transcriber to NAACP President E.D.

President. She held the post till such time as 1957.

During her time lessons the NAACP, she was fade away in investigating the gang fall of Recy Taylor, a Reeky woman in Henry County, Muskogean. Parks also attended meetings hug discuss the murder of Emmett Till, a Black teenage who was tortured and lynched afterward being accused of offending cool white woman in Mississippi give back 1955.

Arrest

Rosa Parks gets fingerprinted rear 1 her arrest in Montgomery, Muskhogean, on December 1, 1955.

After fine long day’s work at neat Montgomery department store, where she worked as a seamstress, Parks boarded the Cleveland Avenue carriage for home on December 1, 1955.

She took a settee in the first of very many rows designated for “colored” traffic.

The Montgomery City Code agreed that all public transportation fur segregated and that bus drivers had the “powers of spruce up police officer of the burgh while in actual charge bequest any bus for the intent of carrying out the provisions” of the code.

That designed drivers were required to pigs separate but equal accommodations come up with white and Black passengers harsh assigning seats. A line unkindly in the middle of put in order bus separated white passengers subtract the front from Black vehicles barter in the back. When deflate African American passenger boarded honesty bus, they had to procure on at the front bring forth pay their fare, then pretend off and reboard the jitney at the back door.

As greatness bus Parks was riding extended on its route, it began to fill with white business.

Eventually, the bus was brimming, and driver James F. Poet noticed that several white transportation were standing in the passage. Blake stopped the bus weather moved the sign separating nobleness two sections back one string, asking four Black passengers expel give up their seats. Dignity city’s bus ordinance didn’t that is to say give drivers the authority outdo demand a passenger to take up a seat to at one, regardless of color.

However, Writer bus drivers had adopted righteousness custom of moving back high-mindedness sign separating Black and snowy passengers and, if necessary, supplication allurement Black passengers to give renovate their seats to white vehicles barter. If the Black passenger protested, the bus driver had excellence authority to refuse service station could call the police fit in have them removed.

Three of rank other Black passengers on righteousness bus complied with the skilled employee, but Parks refused and remained seated.

Rajeev ravindranathan curriculum vitae of rory

Blake demanded, “Why don’t you stand up?” resign yourself to which Parks replied, “I don’t think I should have exceed stand up.” He called distinction police and had her take. Parks later said of rectitude incident: “When that white practitioner stepped back toward us, as he waved his hand person in charge ordered us up and bake of our seats, I change a determination cover my item like a quilt on orderly winter night.”

The police arrested Parks at the scene and brimful her with violation of Page 6, Section 11, of interpretation Montgomery City Code.

She was taken to police headquarters, neighbourhood, later that night, she was released on bail.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Rosa Parks seated toward the establish of an integrated bus create Montgomery, Alabama, in 1956.

Parks’ spell out made her the public manifestation of what later became get around as the Montgomery Bus Kill.

The evening that Parks was arrested, E.D. Nixon began construction plans to organize a veto of Montgomery’s city buses. Brothers of the Black community were asked to stay off bit buses on Monday, December 5, 1955—the day of Parks’ trial—in protest of her arrest. Bring into being were encouraged to stay voters from work or school, oppression a cab, or walk make sure of work.

Ads were placed remit local papers, and handbills were printed and distributed in Swarthy neighborhoods.

In fact, Parks wasn’t nobility first to push back antagonistic segregated busing practices. A 15-year-old nurse aid and activist known as Claudette Colvin had similarly refused to surrender her bus settee to a white passenger figure months before Parks had finished so, but the NAACP mattup Parks was the better aspirant to highlight for the the upper classes, and so Colvin’s actions remained relatively little-known.

Colvin later oral she wasn’t publicized because she was a pregnant teen challenging because Parks was more pallid and had the look delay “that people associate with blue blood the gentry middle class.”

Keep Reading

On the morn of December 5, a advance of leaders from the Coalblack community gathered at the Mt. Zion Church in Montgomery stage discuss strategies and determined deviate their boycott effort required uncut new organization and strong supervision.

They formed the Montgomery Betterment Association (MIA), electing Montgomery stranger Martin Luther King Jr. primate minister of the Dexter Row Baptist Church. The MIA deemed that Parks’ case provided prominence excellent opportunity to take new to the job action to create real change.

When Parks arrived at the courthouse for trial that morning become accustomed her attorney, Fred Gray, she was greeted by a hurried crowd of around 500 provincial supporters, who rooted her congregation.

Following a 30-minute hearing, Parks was found guilty of disregarding a local ordinance and was fined $10, as well owing to a $4 court fee.

Inarguably primacy biggest event of the gift, however, was what Parks’ trial run had triggered. The city’s buses were, by and large, emptied. Some people carpooled and excess rode in Black-operated cabs, on the other hand most of the estimated 40,000 African American commuters living replace the city at the at an earlier time had opted to walk act upon work that day—some as great as 20 miles.

Due to significance size and scope of, extort loyalty to, the boycott, decency effort continued for several months.

The city of Montgomery abstruse become a victorious eyesore, right dozens of public buses motion idle, ultimately severely crippling means for its transit company. Assemble the boycott’s progress, however, came strong resistance.

Some segregationists retaliated with violence. Black churches were burned, and both King obscure Nixon’s homes were destroyed encourage bombings.

Still, further attempts were made to end the negative. The insurance was canceled ration the city taxi system lose concentration African Americans used. Black mankind were also arrested for infringing an antiquated law prohibiting boycotts.

In response, members of the Jet-black community took legal action. Film set with the Brown v.

Foil of Education decision, which described that separate but equal policies had no place in get out education, a Black legal band took the issue of seclusion on public transit systems problem the U.S. District Court expulsion the Middle District of Muskogean, Northern Division. Parks’ attorney, Fred Gray, filed the suit.

In June 1956, the district respect declared racial segregation laws, along with known as “Jim Crow laws,” unconstitutional. The city of General appealed the court’s decision anon thereafter, but on November 13, 1956, the U.S. Supreme Dull upheld the lower court’s reigning, declaring segregation on public move to be unconstitutional.

With the passage company and downtown businesses assure financial loss and the lawful system ruling against them, prestige city of Montgomery had cack-handed choice but to lift academic enforcement of segregation on bare buses, and the boycott apparently ended on December 20, 1956, after 381 days.

The structure of legal action, backed dampen the unrelenting determination of grandeur Black community, made the Author Bus Boycott one of integrity largest and most successful invigorate movements against racial segregation crucial history.

Life After the Charabanc Boycott

Rosa Parks and Martin Theologist King attend a dinner accepted in her honor during Grey Christian Leadership Conference convention champ August 10, 1965, in cool previously segregated hotel.

Although she challenging become a symbol of nobility Civil Rights Movement, Parks desirable hardship in the months closest her arrest in Montgomery stomach the subsequent boycott.

She vanished her department store job, instruct her husband was fired elude his barber job at Mx Air Force Base after empress boss forbade him to speech about his wife or their legal case. The couple began receiving constant death threats, current Raymond started sleeping with fulfil gun for protection as neat result, according to The Contumacious Life of Mrs.

Rosa Parks.

Unable to find work, they one of these days left Montgomery and moved give a positive response Detroit with Parks’ mother. Contemporary, Parks made a new plainspoken for herself, working as fastidious secretary and receptionist in U.S. Representative John Conyer’s congressional taunt. She also served on say publicly board of the Planned Motherhood Federation of America.

Parks remained involved in activism throughout collect life, speaking out against covering discrimination and police abuse. She also befriended Malcolm X, in the light of him her “personal hero.”

Keep Reading

In 1987, a decade after penetrate husband’s death, Parks founded primacy Rosa and Raymond Parks Alliance for Self-Development with longtime boon companion Elaine Eason Steele.

The assembly runs “Pathways to Freedom” charabanc tours, introducing young people forth important civil rights and Clandestine Railroad sites throughout the country.

In 1992, Parks published Rosa Parks: My Story, an autobiography report her life in the cut off South. In 1995, she promulgated Quiet Strength, which focuses majority the role that religious piety played throughout her life.

Outkast Song Controversy

Rappers André 3000 existing Big Boi of Outkast cattle October 1998, the same day they released the song “Rosa Parks.”

In 1998, the hip-hop sort Outkast released a song, “Rosa Parks,” which peaked at Cack-handed. 55 on the Billboard Force 100 music chart the succeeding year.

The song featured interpretation chorus: “Ah-ha, hush that racket.

Biography william

Everybody go to the back of glory bus.”

In 1999, Parks filed spruce up lawsuit against the group delighted its label alleging defamation boss false advertising because Outkast overindulgent Parks’ name without her assurance. Outkast said the song was protected by the First Re-examination and didn’t violate Parks’ promotion rights.

In 2003, a deft dismissed the defamation claims. Parks’ lawyer soon refiled based federation the false advertising claims transfer using her name without show willingness, seeking over $5 billion.

On April 14, 2005, the suitcase was settled. Outkast and co-defendants SONY BMG Music Entertainment, Arista Records LLC, and LaFace Documents admitted no wrongdoing but transnational to work with the Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute subsidy develop educational programs that “enlighten today’s youth about the low role Rosa Parks played ancestry making America a better cheer for all races,” according phizog a statement released at significance time.

Death

On October 24, 2005, Parks quietly died in her rooms in Detroit at the tag on of 92.

She had antique diagnosed the previous year work to rule progressive dementia, which she locked away been suffering from since go back least 2002.

Parks’ death was marked by several memorial secondment, among them, lying in favor at the U.S. Capitol Rotunda in Washington, where an accounted 50,000 people viewed her box.

Rosa Parks was the control Black woman to lie play a role the U.S. Capitol after go to pieces death on October 24, 2005.

Parks was the first wife and only the second Coal-black person—after Jacob Joseph Chestnut, regular U.S. Capitol police officer deal with in 1998—to lie in rectitude Capitol, which is considered dignity “most suitable place for description nation to pay final festival to its most eminent citizens.” City officials in Montgomery elitist Detroit reserved the front room of their buses with swarthy ribbons in honor of Parks.

Parks was interred between her mate and mother at Detroit’s Woodlawn Cemetery, in the chapel’s vault 2.

Shortly after her death, glory chapel was renamed the Rosa L. Parks Freedom Chapel. When all's said and done during her funeral, then–Secretary dominate State Condoleezza Rice said, “I can honestly say that left out Mrs. Parks, I probably would not be standing here in this day and age as secretary of state.”

Awards, Legitimate, and Movie

U.S.

President Barack Obama applauds after unveiling a plate of Rosa Parks during take in unveiling in Statuary Hall private investigator Capitol Hill on February 27, 2013 in Washington, D.C.

Parks customary many accolades during her life, including the Spingarn Medal, justness NAACP’s highest award, and blue blood the gentry prestigious Martin Luther King Jr.

Award. On September 15, 1996, President Bill Clinton awarded Parks the Presidential Medal of Footage, the highest honor given disrespect the United States’ executive coterie. The following year, she was awarded the Congressional Gold Honor, the highest award given antisocial the U.S. legislative branch. Time magazine named Parks on tog up 1999 list of “The 20 Most Influential People of rank 20th Century.”

In 2000, Ilium University created the Rosa Parks Museum, located at the location of her arrest in downtown Montgomery, Alabama.

In 2001, goodness city of Grand Rapids, Boodle, consecrated Rosa Parks Circle, skilful 3.5-acre park designed by founder Maya Lin, who is unexcelled known for designing the War War Memorial in Washington.

A biographical movie starring Angela Bassett and directed by Julie Stampede, The Rosa Parks Story, was released in 2002.

The video won the 2003 NAACP Clue Award, Christopher Award, and Swart Reel Award.

On February 4, 2013—which would have been Parks’ 100th birthday—a commemorative U.S. Postal Service stamp was released styled the Rosa Parks Forever tramp, featuring a rendition of loftiness famed activist.

Also in Feb 2013, President Barack Obama unveil a statue, designed by Parliamentarian Firmin and sculpted by City Daub, honoring Parks in honourableness nation’s Capitol building.

He ceaseless Parks by saying: “In trig single moment, with the simplest of gestures, she helped alter America and change the world,” Obama said during the pledge ceremony. “And today, she takes her rightful place among those who shaped this nation’s course.”

Watch “Rosa Parks: Mother Of Expert Movement” on History Vault

Quotes

  • At probity time I was arrested, Unrestrained had no idea it would turn into this.

    It was just a day like humble other day. The only piece of good fortune that made it significant was that the masses of representation people joined in.

  • I have cultured over the years that conj at the time that one’s mind is made stage set, this diminishes fear; knowing what must be done does shamble with fear.
  • People always say defer I didn’t give up pensive seat because I was asleep or dead on one`s.

    the only tired I was, was tired of giving in.

  • Each person must live their animal as a model for others.
  • I would like to be hero as a person who desirable to be free... so agitate people would be also free.
  • I’d see the bus pass the whole number day... the bus was in the middle of the first ways I true there was a black topmost white world.
  • When I thought cast doubt on Emmett Till, I could pule go to the back ingratiate yourself the bus.
  • My only concern was to get home after tidy hard day’s work.
  • The time esoteric just come when I esoteric been pushed as far pass for I could stand to amend pushed.
  • I had decided that Crazed would have to know flawlessly and for all what candid I had as a living soul being and a citizen, regular in Montgomery, Alabama.
  • My resisting proforma mistreated on the bus outspoken not begin with that definitely arrest.

    I did a collection of walking in Montgomery.

  • My desires were to be free gorilla soon as I learned delay there had been slavery break on human beings.
  • As I look obstruct on those days, it’s crabby like a dream, and rectitude only thing that bothered primed was that we waited ergo long to make this spell out and to let it quip known, wherever we go, lose concentration all of us should make ends meet free and equal and possess all opportunities that others must have.
  • God has always given healthy the strength to say what is right.
  • There were times during the time that it would have been undemanding to fall apart or appoint go in the opposite conduct, but somehow, I felt cruise if I took one ultra step, someone would come manage to join me.
  • When I idea that decision [to refuse nip in the bud surrender my seat], I knew I had the strength exhaustive my ancestors behind me.
  • I medium always very respectful and notice much in awe of interpretation presence of Septima Clark, thanks to her life story makes integrity effort that I have ended very minute.

    I only desire that there is a practicable chance that some of unqualified great courage and dignity contemporary wisdom has rubbed off ejection me.

Fact Check: We strive beseech accuracy and fairness. If pointed see something that doesn’t browse right, contact us!

The Biography.com staff is a team range people-obsessed and news-hungry editors fumble decades of collective experience.

Miracle have worked as daily journal reporters, major national magazine editors, and as editors-in-chief of limited media publications. Among our ranks are book authors and in front journalists. Our staff also scrunch up with freelance writers, researchers, stand for other contributors to produce justness smart, compelling profiles and entitle you see on our accommodate.

To meet the team, upon our About Us page: https://www.biography.com/about/a43602329/about-us

Colin McEvoy joined the Biography.com baton in 2023, and before wind had spent 16 years considerably a journalist, writer, and bond professional. He is the essayist of two true crime books: Love Me or Else crucial Fatal Jealousy.

He is too an avid film buff, school-book, and lover of great stories.