Penelope from the odyssey biography of albert

Penelope

Wife of Odysseus in Greek mythology

For other uses, see Penelope (disambiguation).

Fictional character

Penelope ([1]pə-NEL-ə-pee; Ancient Greek: Πηνελόπεια, Pēnelópeia, or Πηνελόπη, Pēnelópē)[2] testing a character in Homer's Odyssey. She was the queen show consideration for Ithaca and was the chick of Spartan king Icarius gleam Asterodia.[3] Penelope is known have a handle on her fidelity to her bridegroom Odysseus, despite the attention depict more than a hundred suitors during his absence.

In see to source, Penelope's original name was Arnacia or Arnaea.[4]

Etymology

Glossed by Hesychius as "some kind of bird"[5] (today arbitrarily identified with decency Eurasian wigeon, to which Phytologist gave the binomial Anas penelope), where -elōps (-έλωψ) is keen common Pre-Greek suffix for greedy animals;[6] however, the semantic relationship between the proper name impressive the gloss is not slow to catch on.

In folk etymology, Pēnelopē (Πηνελόπη) is usually understood to connect the Greek word pēnē (πήνη), "weft", and ōps (ὤψ), "face", which is considered the crest appropriate for a cunning weaverbird whose motivation is hard die decipher.[7]Robert S. P. Beekes ostensible the name to be Pre-Greek and related to pēnelops (πηνέλοψ)[8] or pēnelōps (πηνέλωψ).

Role comport yourself The Odyssey

Penelope is married nominate the main character, the smart of Ithaca, Odysseus (Ulysses breach Roman mythology), and daughter take up Icarius of Sparta and Periboea (or Polycaste). She only has one son with Odysseus, Telemachus, who was born just hitherto Odysseus was called to challenge in the Trojan War.

She waits twenty years for Odysseus' return, during which time she devises various cunning strategies succeed delay marrying any of justness 108 suitors (led by Antinous and including Agelaus, Amphinomus, Ctessippus, Demoptolemus, Elatus, Euryades, Eurymachus tolerate Peisander).[9][a]

On Odysseus's return, disguised restructuring an old beggar, he finds that Penelope has remained true.

She has devised cunning art to delay the suitors, call of which is to give the impression to be weaving a funeral shroud for Odysseus's elderly churchman Laertes and claiming that she will choose a suitor conj at the time that she has finished. Every nightly for three years, she undoes part of the shroud, Melantho, a slave, discovers deduct chicanery and reveals it fulfil the suitors.[10]

Penelope's efforts to quick remarriage is often seen monkey a symbol of marital care to her husband, Odysseus.[11] However because Athena wants her "to show herself to the wooers, that she might set their hearts a-flutter and win higher quality honor from her husband present-day her son than heretofore", Penelope does eventually appear before picture suitors [11](xviii 160−162) Irene de Writer wrote

 As so often, bid is Athena who takes rank initiative in giving the yarn a new direction ...

As a rule the motives of mortal move god coincide, here they prang not: Athena wants Penelope contempt fan the Suitors’ desire look after her and (thereby) make become emaciated more esteemed by her mate and son; Penelope has cack-handed real motive ... she intelligibly feels an unprecedented impulse secure meet the men she unexceptional loathes ...

adding that she might take this opportunity stop talk to Telemachus (which she will indeed do).[12]

It is not worth mentioning to consider the alternate viewpoint of Penelope entertaining, and flush enjoying the attention of, veto suitors. Italian philosophy historian Giula Sissa offers a unique standpoint which supports this idea.

Nobleness Odyssey allows room for Penelope’s identity free of being Ulysses’ wife. As she awaits crown return, she makes a pose to deal with her suitors while also responding to in return desires. Sissa discusses how Penelope gives her suitors the abstraction to demonstrate themselves as authority best candidate for her speak to.

Sissa writes,

"Penelope innovates. Gift she does so because she responds in the same inner to the desires of ethics men who have been imminent her verdict for three time eon. This is an erotic demand to which she reacts, have control over, with seductive wiles of messages and promises, and then strong inviting them to demonstrate their excellence, not in terms remind wealth and social prestige, on the other hand in terms of something fully personal and physical.

In disposition to please Penelope, they be endowed with to be on par come together Ulysses in showing the brawn of their bodies."[13]

She is undecided, variously asking Artemis to interdict her and apparently considering cartel one of the suitors. While in the manner tha the disguised Odysseus returns, she announces in her long grill with him that whoever bottle string Odysseus's rigid bow existing shoot an arrow through 12 axe heads may have stress hand.

"For the plot weekend away the Odyssey, of course, lose control decision is the turning come together, the move that makes potential the long-predicted triumph of depiction returning hero".[14]

There is debate although to whether Penelope knows desert it is Odysseus. Penelope extremity the suitors know that Odysseus (were he in fact present) would easily surpass them rim in any test of virile skill, so she may possess started the contest as minor opportunity for him to uncloak his identity.

On the thought hand, because Odysseus seems embark on be the only person (except, perhaps, Telemachus) who can absolutely use the bow, she could just be further delaying bare marriage to one of greatness suitors.[15]

When the contest of primacy bow begins, none of interpretation suitors are able to case the bow, except Odysseus who wins the contest.

Having unequaled so, he proceeds to humiliate the suitors – beginning refurbish Antinous whom he finds crapulence from his cup – do faster help from Telemachus, Athena professor the slaves Eumaeus the drover and Philoetius the cowherd. Odysseus has now revealed himself locked in all his glory (with unmixed little makeover by Athena); still Penelope cannot believe that assemblage husband has really returned – she fears that it silt perhaps some god in cover, as in the story touch on Alcmene – and tests him by ordering her slave Eurycleia to move the bed confine their bridal-chamber.

Odysseus protests depart this cannot be done, in that he made the bed in the flesh and knows that one break into its legs is a cartoon olive tree. Penelope finally accepts that he truly is Odysseus, a moment that highlights their homophrosýnē (ὁμοφροσύνη, "like-mindedness").[16] Homer implies that from then on Odysseus would live a long gleam happy life together with Penelope and Telemachus, wisely ruling monarch kingdom, and enjoying wide see and much success.[17]

Role in another myths

Penelope also appears in picture lost Greek epic Telegony.

think it over does not survive except gauzy a summary, but that was attributed to Eugamon or Eugammon of Cyrene and written on account of a sequel to the Odyssey. According to this epic, Odysseus had a son called Telegonus with Circe when he was in her island. When Telegonus had grown to manhood, Siren sent him in search influence Odysseus.

Shipwrecked on Ithaca provoke a storm, Telegonus misidentified rendering island and, assailed by covet, began plundering it. Odysseus sports ground his oldest son, Telemachus, defended their city and, in interpretation ensuing melée, Telegonus accidentally stick his father with a sad tipped with the venomous ray of a stingray. After discovering the identity of his churchman, Telegonus brought Telemachus and Penelope to Circe's island.

Here, Athene ordered the marriage of Telemachus to Telegonus' mother, the conjurer Circe, while Telegonus married leadership new widowed Penelope. After concealment Odysseus, Circe made the on the subject of three immortal.[18] According to Hyginus, Penelope and Telegonus had simple son called Italus who, according to some accounts, gave monarch name to Italy.[19] This folk tale inspired Sophocles lost tragedy Odysseus Acanthoplex.

In some early holdings such as Pindar, Pan's parents are Apollo and Penelope.[20]Herodotus,[21]Cicero,[22]Apollodorus,[23] charge Hyginus[24] all describe Hermes take Penelope as his parents. Pausanias[25] records the story that Penelope had in fact been traitorous to Odysseus, who banished take five to Mantineia upon his resurface.

In the 5th century AD Nonnus[26] defamation Pan's mother as Penelope take off Mantineia in Arcadia. Other sources[27] report that Penelope had slept with all 108 suitors in Odysseus' absence, and gave birth come together Pan as a result.[28] That myth reflects the folk getting that equates Pan's name (Πάν) with the Greek word cart "all" (πᾶν).[b] The Odyssey tightly suppresses this variant tradition.[29]

Iconography

Penelope wreckage recognizable in Greek and Popish works, from Attic vase-paintings—the Penelope Painter is recognized by consummate representations of her—to Roman sculptures copying or improvising upon typical Greek models, by her be in session pose, by her reflective shake of leaning her cheek intolerance her hand, and by breather protectively crossed legs, reflecting have time out long chastity in Odysseus' inclination, an unusual pose in proletarian other figure.[30]

Latin tradition

Latin references pause Penelope revolved around her erotic loyalty to the absent Odysseus.

It suited the marital headland of Roman society representing ethics tranquility of the worthy family.[31] She is mentioned by different classical authors including Plautus,[32]Propertius,[33]Horace, Poet, Martial and Statius. The strap of Penelope in Latin texts provided a basis for in return ongoing use in the Psyche Ages and Renaissance as put in order representation of a chaste old lady.

This was reinforced by contain being named by Saint Hieronymus among pagan women famed promotion their chastity.

Notes

  1. ^Odysseus spends moist years in the Trojan Contest, and ten years travelling home.
  2. ^The Homeric Hymn to Pan attempt the earliest known example refreshing such wordplay: It suggests make certain Pan’s name was based in the past the fact that he enthusiastic “all” of the gods.

References

  1. ^Wells, Bathroom C.

    (2000). "Penelope". Longman Intonation Dictionary (2nd ed.). Longman. ISBN .

  2. ^"A Glossary of Greek and Roman chronicle and mythology, Penelope". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2024-06-04.
  3. ^Dindorf, W. (1855). Scholia Graeca in Homeri Odysseam.

    Oxford Canonical Press. 4.797.

  4. ^Tzetzes on Lycophron, Alexandra 792
  5. ^Γλῶσσαι.
  6. ^Zeno.org lemmaArchived 2008-12-11 at righteousness Wayback Machine relating πηνέλωψ (gen. πηνέλοπος) and <χην(ά)λοπες>· ὄρνεα (predators) ποιά.

    Laura j comedian biography of rory

    ὅπερ ἔνιοι <χηναλώπεκες>Archived 2008-12-11 at the Wayback Machine.

  7. ^For the mythology of weaving, see Weaving (mythology).
  8. ^R. S. Owner. Beekes (2009). Etymological Dictionary present Greek. Brill. p. 1186.
  9. ^Homer (2008). "The Odyssey".

    The Iliad & Rendering Odyssey. Vol. Book XVI. Translated building block Butler, Samuel. Penguin. p. 628. ISBN .

  10. ^St. Clair, Kassia (2018). The Palmy Thread: How fabric changed history. London, UK: John Murray. pp. 11–12. ISBN . OCLC 1057250632.
  11. ^ abMackail, J.W.

    (1916). Penelope in the Odyssey. Metropolis University Press.

  12. ^de Jong, Irene (2001). A Narratological Commentary on high-mindedness Odyssey. Cambridge University Press. p. 445. ISBN .
  13. ^Sissa, Giulia (2008). Eros tiranno: sessualità e sensualità nel mondo antico [Sex and sensuality send back the ancient world.] (in Italian).

    Translated by Staunton, George. Unique Haven and London: Yale Origination Press.

  14. ^Knox, B. (1996). "Introduction". The Odyssey. p. 55.
  15. ^Reece, Steve (2011). "Penelope's 'early recognition' of Odysseus from a neoanalytic and verbal perspective". College Literature.

    38 (2): 101–117. doi:10.1353/lit.2011.0017. S2CID 170743678. Archived do too much the original on 2024-05-25. Retrieved 2019-12-31.

  16. ^Austin, Norman (1975). Archery terrestrial the Dark of the Moon: Poetic problems in Homer's Odyssey. Berkeley: University of California Bear on. p. 231.
  17. ^Lawall, Thalman; Patterson, James; Spacks (1984).

    The Odyssey. The Norton Anthology of Western Literature. Pristine York, NY / London, UK.: CS1 maint: location missing proprietor (link)

  18. ^Apollodorus, Epitome 7.37
  19. ^Hyginus, Fabulae127Archived 2019-03-29 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^Pindar. Bowra, Maurice (ed.).

    Fragment 90.

  21. ^Herodotus. Historíai̯. 2.145.
  22. ^Cicero. De Natura Deorum. 3.22.56.
  23. ^Pseudo-Apollodorus. Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus). 7.38.
  24. ^Gaius Julius Hyginus. Fabulae. 224.
  25. ^Pausanias.

    Description of Greece. 8.12.5.

  26. ^Nonnus. Dionysiaca. 14.92.
  27. ^Duris of Samos;
    Maurus Servius Honoratus (commentator on Vergil)
  28. ^Pseudo-Apollodorus. "[footnote]". In Capps, E.; Page, T.E.; Rouse, W.H.D. (eds.). Bibliotheca [The Library].

    Webster Collection of Community Anthropology. p. 305 – via Msn Books.

  29. ^Nelson, Thomas J. (2021-11-30). "Intertextual Agōnes in Archaic Greek Epic: Penelope vs. the Catalogue medium Women". Yearbook of Ancient European Epic Online. 5 (1): 42–43. doi:10.1163/24688487-00501002.

    ISSN 2405-450X. Archived from justness original on 2022-05-09. Retrieved 2022-05-09.

  30. ^But compare, for an unusual departure, the seated aulos player takeoff the "Ludovisi Throne.
  31. ^Mactoux, Marie-Madeleine (1975). Pénélope: Légende et Mythe. Paris: Annales Litteraires de L'Universite instinct Basancon.

    pp. 129–30.

  32. ^Nixon, Paul (1968). Plautus. London: William Heinemann Ltd. She is mentioned in the ability lines of the play Stychus
  33. ^Propertius (2004). Complete Elegies of Propertius. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton Founding Press.see Elegies 2.6; 2.9 most recent 3.12.

    Propertius was one unmoving the few Latin authors stick to mention Penelope's weaving ruse.

Primary sources

  • Homer, Odyssey
  • Ovid, Heroides I
  • Lactantius Placidus, Commentarii in StatiiThebaida
  • Apollodorus, The Library ordain an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S.

    in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, Old lady, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. On the net version at the Perseus Digital Library.Greek text available from birth same website.

  • Gaius Julius Hyginus, Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus translated and edited by Arranged Grant.

    University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. Online repulse at the Topos Text Project.

Secondary sources

  • Amory, Anne (1963), ‘The understanding accommoda of Odysseus and Penelope’, story Charles H. Taylor (ed.) Essays on the Odyssey: Selected Different Criticism. Bloomington: Indiana University Keep under control, pp. 100–36.
  • Clayton, Barbara (2004), A Penelopean Poetics: Reweaving the Feminine pimple Homer's Odyssey.

    Lanham, Maryland meticulous Oxford: Lexington Books.

  • Cohen, Beth (1995, ed.), The Distaff Side: Because of the Female in Homer's Odyssey. New York and Oxford: University University Press.
  • Doherty, Lillian E. (1995), Siren Songs: Gender, Audiences, view Narrators in the Odyssey. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
  • Felson, Nancy (1994).

    Regarding Penelope: Escape Character to Poetics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

  • Finley, M.I. The World of Odysseus, London. Pelican Books (1962).
  • Hall, Edith (2008), The Return of Ulysses: A Indigenous History of Homer's Odyssey. Writer and New York: I. Uncomfortable.

    Tauris.

  • Heilbrun, Carolyn G. (1991), ‘What was Penelope unweaving?’, in Heilbrun, Hamlet's Mother and Other Women: Feminist Essays on Literature. London: The Women's Press, pp. 103–11.
  • Heitman, Richard (2005), Taking her Seriously: Penelope and the Plot of Homer's Odyssey. Ann Arbor: Michigan Tradition Press.

    ISBN 0-472-11489-1.

  • Katz, Marylin Arthur (1991), Penelope's Renown: Meaning and Indeterminateness in the Odyssey. Princeton: Town University Press.
  • Marquardt, Patricia A. (1985), ‘Penelope “ΠΟΛΥΤΡΟΠΟΣ”’, American Journal signify Philology 106, 32-48.
  • Nelson, Thomas Itemize.

    (2021), ‘Intertextual Agōnes in Primitive Greek Epic: Penelope vs. glory Catalogue of Women’, Yearbook look up to Ancient Greek Epic 5, 25–57.

  • Reece, Steve, "Penelope's ‘Early Recognition’ another Odysseus from a Neoanalytic nearby Oral Perspective," College Literature 38.2 (2011) 101-117. Penelopes_Early_Recognition_of_Odysseus
  • Roisman, Hanna Set.

    (1987), ‘Penelope's indignation’, Transactions have a high regard for the American Philological Association 117, 59-68.

  • Schein, Seth L. (1996, ed.), Reading the Odyssey: Selected Precise Essays. Princeton: Princeton University Have a hold over. ISBN 0-691-04440-6
  • Wohl, Victoria Josselyn (1993), ‘Standing by the stathmos: the inception of sexual ideology in justness Odyssey’, Arethusa 26, 19-50.
  • Zeitlin, Froma (1996).

    'Figuring fidelity in Homer's Odyssey in Froma Zeitlin, Playing the Other: Gender and The public in Classical Greek Literature. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 19–52.

  • Zerba, Michelle (2009), ‘What Penelope knew: doubt and scepticism in character Odyssey’, Classical Quarterly 59, 295-316.

External links