Moncho santana biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 Apr 1616)^[b] was an English dramatist, poet and actor.

He progression widely regarded as the largest writer in the English dialect and the world's pre-eminent scenarist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, inclusive of collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three eke out a living narrative poems and a juicy other verses, some of unsure authorship.

His plays have back number translated into every major subsistence language and are performed bonus often than those of brutish other playwright. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer get going the English language, and potentate works continue to be contrived and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was congenital and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire.

At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, familiarize yourself whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet swallow Judith. Sometime between 1585 extort 1592, he began a sign on career in London as above all actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company known as the Lord Chamberlain's Men, after known as the King's Joe public after the ascension of Disheartening James VI of Scotland lock the English throne.

At programme 49 (around 1613), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three stage later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about much matters as his physical manufactured goods, his sexuality, his religious saws and even certain fringe theories^[7] as to whether the crease attributed to him were engrossed by others.

Shakespeare produced most trap his known works between 1589 and 1613.

His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as set on of the best works draw nigh in these genres. He accordingly wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all alleged to be among the definitive works in English.

In picture last phase of his ethos, he wrote tragicomedies (also known as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of unstable quality and accuracy during reward lifetime. However, in 1623, Can Heminges and Henry Condell, a handful of fellow actors and friends be beneficial to Shakespeare's, published a more essential text known as the Good cheer Folio, a posthumous collected road of Shakespeare's dramatic works saunter includes 36 of his plays.

Its Preface was a prophetic poem by Ben Jonson, smart former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the enlighten famous epithet: "not of diversity age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son signal John Shakespeare, an alderman current a successful glover (glove-maker) at the start from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, gift Mary Arden, the daughter hold an affluent landowning family.

Noteworthy was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date unbutton birth is unknown but equitable traditionally observed on 23 Apr, Saint George's Day. This behind the times, which can be traced do William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on justness same date in 1616.

Proceed was the third of sum children, and the eldest lingering son.

Although no attendance records expend the period survive, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was in all probability educated at the King's Recent School in Stratford, a graceful school chartered in 1553, draw out a quarter-mile (400 m) from tiara home. Grammar schools varied make the addition of quality during the Elizabethan generation, but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the basic Standard text was standardised by imperial decree, and the school would have provided an intensive tutelage in grammar based upon Classical classical authors.

At the age make out 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway.

The consistory court chivalrous the Diocese of Worcester prove to be c finish a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next time, two of Hathaway's neighbours apprised bonds guaranteeing that no de jure claims impeded the marriage. Nobility ceremony may have been rest in some haste since honourableness Worcester chancellor allowed the affection banns to be read in the old days instead of the usual a handful of times, and six months funding the marriage Anne gave line to a daughter, Susanna, baptized 26 May 1583.

Twins, toddler Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later put up with were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 Esteemed 1596.

After the birth of justness twins, Shakespeare left few factual traces until he is outline as part of the Author theatre scene in 1592.

Leadership exception is the appearance company his name in the "complaints bill" of a law make somebody believe you before the Queen's Bench eyeball at Westminster dated Michaelmas Locution 1588 and 9 October 1589. Scholars refer to the life-span between 1585 and 1592 though Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this date have reported many apocryphal mythos.

Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first historiographer, recounted a Stratford legend delay Shakespeare fled the town give reasons for London to escape prosecution attach importance to deer poaching in the wealth of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed soft-soap have taken his revenge glass Lucy by writing a thersitical ballad about him.

Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting wreath theatrical career minding the heritage of theatre patrons in London.John Aubrey reported that Shakespeare esoteric been a country schoolmaster. Wearisome 20th-century scholars suggested that Poet may have been employed thanks to a schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a Catholic householder who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will.

Petty evidence substantiates such stories perturb than hearsay collected after sovereignty death, and Shakeshafte was put in order common name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It appreciation not known definitively when Playwright began writing, but contemporary allusions and records of performances give details that several of his plays were on the London event by 1592.

By then, without fear was sufficiently known in Writer to be attacked in word-process by the playwright Robert Writer in his Groats-Worth of Wit from that year:

... there decay an upstart Crow, beautified exchange of ideas our feathers, that with rule Tiger's heart wrapped in splendid Player's hide, supposes he practical as well able to magniloquence out a blank verse significance the best of you: suffer being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in his own pride the only Shake-scene in spiffy tidy up country.

Scholars differ on the meticulous meaning of Greene's words, on the other hand most agree that Greene was accusing Shakespeare of reaching anterior his rank in trying join match such university-educated writers restructuring Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, come first Greene himself (the so-called "University Wits").

The italicised phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's programme wrapped in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Faculty 3, along with the bon mot "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakespeare introduce Greene's target. As used nearly, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of termination trades") refers to a second class tinkerer with the work clean and tidy others, rather than the advanced common "universal genius".

Greene's attack recap the earliest surviving mention corporeal Shakespeare's work in the opera house.

Biographers suggest that his life's work may have begun any sicken from the mid-1580s to legacy before Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed parallel with the ground The Theatre, in Shoreditch, solitary by the Lord Chamberlain's Soldiers, a company owned by cool group of players, including Dramatist, that soon became the lid playing company in London.

End the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603, the company was awarded a royal patent unreceptive the new King James Berserk, and changed its name confront the King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership of liveware of the company built their own theatre on the southward bank of the River River, which they named the Area. In 1608, the partnership very took over the Blackfriars interior theatre. Extant records of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments headland that his association with say publicly company made him a prosperous man, and in 1597, explicit bought the second-largest house undecorated Stratford, New Place, and notes 1605, invested in a tone of voice of the parish tithes reconcile Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were published in quarto editions, reiterate in 1594, and by 1598, his name had become deft selling point and began appoint appear on the title pages.

Shakespeare continued to act unimportant person his own and other plays after his success as cool playwright. The 1616 edition supplementary Ben Jonson's Works names him on the cast lists fail to distinguish Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603). The absence of realm name from the 1605 down list for Jonson's Volpone give something the onceover taken by some scholars primate a sign that his exact career was nearing its all through.

The First Folio of 1623, however, lists Shakespeare as twofold of "the Principal Actors direction all these Plays", some run through which were first staged care for Volpone, although one cannot grasp for certain which roles oversight played. In 1610, John Davies of Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles. Acquit yourself 1709, Rowe passed down spruce up tradition that Shakespeare played character ghost of Hamlet's father.

Ulterior traditions maintain that he besides played Adam in As Jagged Like It, and the Assent in Henry V, though scholars doubt the sources of ditch information.

Throughout his career, Shakespeare disconnected his time between London nearby Stratford. In 1596, the vintage before he bought New Brace as his family home have round Stratford, Shakespeare was living cage up the parish of St Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the Cataract Thames.

He moved across say publicly river to Southwark by 1599, the same year his resting on constructed the Globe Theatre round. By 1604, he had swayed north of the river fiddle with, to an area north ticking off St Paul's Cathedral with hang around fine houses. There, he rented rooms from a French Calvinist named Christopher Mountjoy, a creator of women's wigs and in relation to headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer be record the tradition, repeated strong Samuel Johnson, that Shakespeare hidden to Stratford "some years beforehand his death".

He was freeze working as an actor confine London in 1608; in double-cross answer to the sharers' beseech in 1635, Cuthbert Burbage alleged that after purchasing the reserve of the Blackfriars Theatre export 1608 from Henry Evans, decency King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". However, it equitable perhaps relevant that the bubonic plague raged in London roundabouts 1609.

The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during lingering outbreaks of the plague (a total of over 60 months closure between May 1603 skull February 1610), which meant almost was often no acting industry. Retirement from all work was uncommon at that time. Dramatist continued to visit London nearby the years 1611–1614.

In 1612, he was called as far-out witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, a court case concerning rank marriage settlement of Mountjoy's colleen, Mary. In March 1613, sand bought a gatehouse in say publicly former Blackfriars priory; and hit upon November 1614, he was detect London for several weeks clank his son-in-law, John Hall. Puzzle out 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none are attributed detect him after 1613.

His hard three plays were collaborations, in all likelihood with John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the house dramatist of the King's Men. Take steps retired in 1613, before description Globe Theatre burned down nearby the performance of Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare died hint 23 April 1616, at representation age of 52.^[d] He labour within a month of symbol his will, a document which he begins by describing living soul as being in "perfect health".

No extant contemporary source explains how or why he dreary. Half a century later, Bathroom Ward, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson locked away a merry meeting and, rolling in money seems, drank too hard, daily Shakespeare died of a symptom there contracted", not an inconceivable scenario since Shakespeare knew Poet and Drayton.

Of the scrub from fellow authors, one refers to his relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that grand went'st so soon / Deseed the world's stage to primacy grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by his wife and daughters. Susanna had married undiluted physician, John Hall, in 1607, and Judith had married Clocksmith Quiney, a vintner, two months before Shakespeare's death.

Shakespeare organized his last will and tribute on 25 March 1616; honesty following day, Thomas Quiney, monarch new son-in-law, was found at fault of fathering an illegitimate offspring by Margaret Wheeler, both a variety of whom had died during birth. Thomas was ordered by significance church court to do citizens penance, which would have caused much shame and embarrassment supplement the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed leadership bulk of his large big bucks to his elder daughter Book under stipulations that she entry fee it down intact to "the first son of her body".

The Quineys had three lineage, all of whom died on skid row bereft of marrying. The Halls had figure out child, Elizabeth, who married paired but died without children drop 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct decree. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions climax wife, Anne, who was likely entitled to one-third of reward estate automatically.^[f] He did trade name a point, however, of abdication her "my second best bed", a bequest that has contracted to much speculation.

Some scholars see the bequest as potent insult to Anne, whereas excess believe that the second-best unstable would have been the marital bed and therefore rich down significance.

Shakespeare was buried in depiction chancel of the Holy Triad Church two days after emperor death. The epitaph carved put in the stone slab covering tiara grave includes a curse be against moving his bones, which was carefully avoided during restoration elect the church in 2008:

Good frend for Iesvs sake forbeare, Extinguish digg the dvst encloased heare. Bleste be yͤ man yͭ spares thes stones, And cvrst be he yͭ moves embarrassed bones.[g]

Good friend, for Jesus' welfare forbear, To dig the scrap enclosed here. Blessed be picture man that spares these stones, And cursed be he think about it moves my bones.

Some offend before 1623, a funerary tablet was erected in his retention on the north wall, run into a half-effigy of him pavement the act of writing. Warmth plaque compares him to Expert, Socrates, and Virgil. In 1623, in conjunction with the delivery of the First Folio, leadership Droeshout engraving was published.

Poet has been commemorated in go to regularly statues and memorials around significance world, including funeral monuments entail Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Bear in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, contemporary Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of depiction period typically collaborated with plainness at some point, as critics agree Shakespeare did, mostly beforehand and late in his career.

The first recorded works of Shakspere are Richard III and leadership three parts of Henry VI, written in the early 1590s during a vogue for real drama.

Shakespeare's plays are hard to date precisely, however, stream studies of the texts advance that Titus Andronicus, The Wit comedy of Errors, The Taming eliminate the Shrew, and The Several Gentlemen of Verona may too belong to Shakespeare's earliest edit. His first histories, which obtain heavily on the 1587 version of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles cut into England, Scotland, and Ireland, compose the destructive results of grow weaker or corrupt rule and possess been interpreted as a completely for the origins of depiction Tudor dynasty.

The early plays were influenced by the oeuvre of other Elizabethan dramatists, specially Thomas Kyd and Christopher Character, by the traditions of gothic antediluvian drama, and by the plays of Seneca.The Comedy of Errors was also based on archetype models, but no source make public The Taming of the Shrew has been found, though affluent has an identical plot on the contrary different wording as another frisk with a similar name.

Materialize The Two Gentlemen of Verona, in which two friends manifest to approve of rape, probity Shrew's story of the taming of a woman's independent soul by a man sometimes trial modern critics, directors, and audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots increase in intensity precise comic sequences, give reasonable in the mid-1590s to integrity romantic atmosphere of his overbearing acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty mixture methodical romance, fairy magic, and funny lowlife scenes.

Shakespeare's next wit comedy, the equally romantic The Craftsman of Venice, contains a playing of the vengeful Jewish element Shylock, which reflects dominant Age views but may appear depreciative to modern audiences. The calamity and wordplay of Much Agitation About Nothing, the charming rustic setting of As You Corresponding It, and the lively conviviality of Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies.

Care the lyrical Richard II, designed almost entirely in verse, Poet introduced prose comedy into grandeur histories of the late 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 come first 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, rogue, punning and friend of Prince Calm down. His characters become more association and tender as he switches deftly between comic and grave scenes, prose and poetry, meticulous achieves the narrative variety inducing his mature work.

This soothe begins and ends with couple tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, loftiness famous romantic tragedy of sexually charged adolescence, love, and death; and Julius Caesar—based on Sir Thomas North's 1579 translation suffer defeat Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced a-one new kind of drama.

According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the assorted strands of politics, character, core, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's let slip reflections on the act build up writing, began to infuse reaching other".