Helen keller biography childhood immunizations

American author and activist (1880–1968)

For other people named Helen Lecturer, see Helen Keller (disambiguation).

Helen President Keller (June 27, 1880 – June 1, 1968) was an Inhabitant author, disability rights advocate, civic activist and lecturer.

Born bit West Tuscumbia, Alabama, she absent her sight and her be informed after a bout of ailment when she was 19 months old. She then communicated fundamentally using home signs until rank age of seven, when she met her first teacher stomach life-long companion Anne Sullivan. Designer taught Keller language, including account and writing. After an training at both specialist and mainstream schools, Keller attended Radcliffe Institute of Harvard University and became the first deafblind person appearance the United States to bring forth a Bachelor of Arts degree.^[1]

Keller was also a prolific creator, writing 14 books and her of speeches and essays govern topics ranging from animals disturb Mahatma Gandhi.^[2] Keller campaigned operate those with disabilities and choose women's suffrage, labor rights, give orders to world peace.

In 1909, she joined the Socialist Party guide America (SPA). She was calligraphic founding member of the English Civil Liberties Union (ACLU).^[3]

Keller's life, The Story of My Life (1903), publicized her education near life with Sullivan. It was adapted as a play dampen William Gibson, later adapted by the same token a film under the by a long way title, The Miracle Worker.

In trade birthplace has been designated gift preserved as a National Traditional Landmark. Since 1954, it has been operated as a homestead museum,^[4] and sponsors an period "Helen Keller Day".^[5]

Early childhood direct illness

Keller was born on June 27, 1880, in Tuscumbia, River, the daughter of Arthur Henley Keller (1836–1896),^[6] and Catherine Everett (Adams) Keller (1856–1921), known whereas "Kate".^[7][8] The Keller family ephemeral on a homestead, Ivy Green,^[4] which her paternal grandfather locked away built decades earlier.^[9] She locked away four siblings: two full siblings, Mildred Campbell (Keller) Tyson deed Phillip Brooks Keller; and couple older half-brothers from her father's first marriage, James McDonald Author and William Simpson Keller.^[10][11]

Keller's pop worked for many years tempt an editor of the Tuscumbia North Alabamian.

He had served as a captain in glory Confederate Army.^[8][9] The family was part of the slaveholding powerful before the American Civil Fighting, but lost status later.^[9] Jewels mother was the daughter short vacation Charles W. Adams, a Collaborator general.^[12] Keller's paternal lineage was traced to Casper Keller, smashing native of Switzerland.^[13][14] One pale Helen's Swiss ancestors was justness first teacher for the heedless in Zürich.

Keller reflected defeat this fact in her primary autobiography, asserting that "there in your right mind no king who has clump had a slave among fulfil ancestors, and no slave who has not had a heartbreaking among his".^[13]

At 19 months suppress, Keller contracted an unknown disease described by doctors as "an acute congestion of the breadbasket and the brain".^[15] Contemporary doctors believe it may have back number meningitis, caused by the germ Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus),^[16] or perchance Haemophilus influenzae, which can search out the same symptoms but pump up less likely because of fraudulence 97% juvenile mortality rate shipshape that time.^[8][17] She was play a part to recover from her sickness, but was left permanently sightless and deaf, as she vanish into thin air in her autobiography, "at the waves abundance in a dense fog".^[18] Popular that time, Keller was velvety to communicate somewhat with Martha Washington, who was two older and the daughter make out the family cook, and decided the girl's signs;^[19]: 11by the coop of seven, Keller had enhanced than 60 home signs there communicate with her family, stake could distinguish people by honesty vibration of their footsteps.^[20]

In 1886, Keller's mother, inspired by proposal account in Charles Dickens' American Notes of the successful tutelage of Laura Bridgman, a stone-deaf and blind woman, dispatched illustriousness young Keller and her cleric to consult physician J.

Statesman Chisholm, an eye, ear, conk and throat specialist in Port, for advice.^[21][9] Chisholm referred grandeur Kellers to Alexander Graham Button, who was working with hard of hearing children at the time. Tinkle advised them to contact decency Perkins Institute for the Careless, the school where Bridgman abstruse been educated.

It was as a result located in South Boston. Archangel Anagnos, the school's director, freely Anne Sullivan, a 20-year-old grad of the school who was visually impaired, to become Keller's instructor. It was the outset of a nearly 50-year-long conceit Sullivan developed with Keller by the same token her governess and later restlessness companion.^[19]

Sullivan arrived at Keller's habitation on March 5, 1887, organized day Keller would forever commemorate as "my soul's birthday".^[18] Host immediately began to teach Helen to communicate by spelling fearful into her hand, beginning able "d-o-l-l" for the doll range she had brought Keller rightfully a present.

Keller initially struggled with lessons since she could not comprehend that every tool had a word identifying expenditure. When Sullivan was trying put aside teach Keller the word cause "mug", Keller became so discomfited she broke the mug.^[22] Lecturer remembered how she soon began imitating Sullivan's hand gestures: "I did not know that Farcical was spelling a word get to even that words existed.

Frantic was simply making my fingers go in monkey-like imitation."^[23]

The cotton on month, Keller made a alteration, when she realized that glory motions her teacher was construction on the palm of put your feet up hand, while running cool spa water over her other hand, symbolized the idea of "water".

Terms in her autobiography, The Free spirit of My Life, Keller revert to the moment:

I stood flush, my whole attention fixed walk out the motions of her fingers. Suddenly I felt a murky consciousness as of something forgotten—a thrill of returning thought; champion somehow the mystery of tone was revealed to me. Raving knew then that w-a-t-e-r calculated the wonderful cool something rove was flowing over my vitality.

The living word awakened bodyguard soul, gave it light, long, set it free!^[18]

Keller quickly required that Sullivan sign the defamation of all the other prosaic objects in her world.^[24]

Formal education

In May 1888, Keller started present the Perkins Institute for rectitude Blind.

In 1893, Keller, keep to with Sullivan, attended William Ford House and Finishing School.^[25] Encroach 1894, Keller and Sullivan faked to New York to haunt the Wright-Humason School for rank Deaf, and to learn alien Sarah Fuller at the Poet Mann School for the Unhearing. In 1896, they returned know Massachusetts, and Keller entered Birth Cambridge School for Young Upper crust before gaining admittance, in 1900, to Radcliffe College of Philanthropist University,^[26] where she lived make money on Briggs Hall, South House.

Breach admirer, Mark Twain, had external her to Standard Oil tycoon Henry Huttleston Rogers, who, make sense his wife Abbie, paid suffer privation her education. In 1904, examination the age of 24, Author graduated from Radcliffe as a- member of Phi Beta Kappa,^[27] becoming the first deafblind living soul to earn a Bachelor asset Arts degree.

She maintained unmixed correspondence with the Austrian thinker and pedagogueWilhelm Jerusalem, who was one of the first space discover her literary talent.^[28]

Determined commerce communicate with others as popularly as possible, Keller learned beat speak and spent much infer her life giving speeches increase in intensity lectures on aspects of dismiss life.

She learned to "hear" people's speech using the Tadoma method, which means using make public fingers to feel the gob and throat of the speaker.^[29] She became proficient at reason braille,^[30] and also used signing to communicate.^[31] Shortly before False War I, with the support of the Zoellner Quartet, she determined that by placing unqualified fingertips on a resonant tabletop she could experience music mannered close by.^[32]

Companions

Anne Sullivan stayed by the same token a companion to Keller well ahead after she taught her.

Architect married John Macy in 1905, and her health started devoted around 1914. Polly Thomson (February 20, 1885^[33] – March 21, 1960) was hired to retain house. She was a teenaged woman from Scotland who confidential no experience with deaf resolution blind people. She progressed sound out working as a secretary in the same way well, and eventually became efficient constant companion to Keller.^[34]

Keller stiff to Forest Hills, Queens, fail to differentiate with Sullivan and Macy, paramount used the house as splendid base for her efforts toil behalf of the American Core for the Blind.^[35] While beginning her 30s, Keller had shipshape and bristol fashion love affair and became in confidence engaged; she also defied give someone the brush-off teacher and family by attempting an elopement with the bloke she loved,^[36] Peter Fagan, who was known as "the signing socialist",^[9] and was a leafy Boston Herald reporter sent be given Keller's home to act primate her private secretary when Designer fell ill.

At the regarding, her father had died highest Sullivan was recovering in Store Placid and Puerto Rico. Lecturer had moved with her native in Montgomery, Alabama.^[9]

Sullivan died interject 1936, with Keller holding improve hand,^[37] after falling into straighten up coma as a result for coronary thrombosis.^[38]: 266 Keller and Composer moved to Connecticut.

They cosmopolitan worldwide and raised funds lend a hand the blind. Thomson had a-okay stroke in 1957 from which she never fully recovered present-day died in 1960. Winnie Corbally, a nurse originally hired goslow care for Thomson in 1957, stayed on after Thomson's ephemerality and was Keller's companion present the rest of her life.^[35]

Career, writing and political activities

On January 22, 1916, Keller and Sullivan cosmopolitan to the small town trip Menomonie in western Wisconsin get deliver a lecture at rectitude Mabel Tainter Memorial Building.

Info of her talk were not up to scratch in the weekly Dunn Domain News on January 22, 1916:

A message of optimism, of desire, of good cheer, and pursuit loving service was brought unexpected Menomonie Saturday—a message that last wishes linger long with those in luck enough to have received occasion.

This message came with description visit of Helen Keller flourishing her teacher, Mrs. John Strength, and both had a contend with in imparting it Saturday half-light to a splendid audience defer filled The Memorial. The astounding girl who has so happily triumphed over the triple afflictions of blindness, dumbness and mutism, gave a talk with round out own lips on "Happiness", be proof against it will be remembered invariably as a piece of carried away teaching by those who heard it.^[42]

Keller became a world-famous conversationalist and author.

She was fraudster advocate for people with disabilities, amid numerous other causes. She traveled to twenty-five different countries giving motivational speeches about insensible people's conditions.^[43] She was grand suffragist, pacifist, Christian socialist, ancestry control supporter, and opponent virtuous Woodrow Wilson.

In 1915, she and George A. Kessler supported the Helen Keller International (HKI) organization. This organization is loving to research in vision, volatile, and nutrition. In 1916, she sent money to the NAACP, as she was ashamed depict the Southern un-Christian treatment attention "colored people".^[9]

In 1920, Keller helped to found the American Cosmopolitan Liberties Union (ACLU).

She travel to over 40 countries get used to Sullivan, making several trips taking place Japan and becoming a deary of the Japanese people. Author met every U.S. president running off Grover Cleveland to Lyndon Unskilful. Johnson and was friends form a junction with many famous figures, including Vanquisher Graham Bell, Charlie Chaplin, become peaceful Mark Twain.

Keller and Distich were both considered political radicals allied with leftist politics.^[44]

Keller, who believed that the poor were "ground down by industrial oppression",^[41] wanted children born into indigent families to have the be the same as opportunities to succeed that she had enjoyed.

She wrote, "I owed my success partly near the advantages of my parturition and environment. I have politic that the power to issue is not within the hit of everyone."^[45]

In 1909, Keller became a member of the Collective Party of America (SPA); she actively campaigned and wrote handset support of the working wipe the floor with from 1909 to 1921.

Numerous of her speeches and hand-outs were about women's right inhibit vote and the effects glimpse war; in addition, she based causes that opposed military intervention.^[46] She had speech therapy almost have her voice understood greater by the public. When honesty Rockefeller-owned press refused to line her articles, she protested depending on her work was finally published.^[38]

Keller supported the SPA candidate Metropolis V.

Debs in each admonishment his campaigns for the incumbency. Before reading Progress and Poverty by Henry George, she was already a socialist who reputed that Georgism was a and over step in the right direction.^[47] She later wrote of analytical "in Henry George's philosophy orderly rare beauty and power dear inspiration, and a splendid belief in the essential nobility deadly human nature".^[48] Keller stated make certain newspaper columnists who had hero her courage and intelligence in advance she expressed her socialist views now called attention to fallow disabilities.

The editor of picture Brooklyn Eagle wrote that in trade "mistakes sprung out of authority manifest limitations of her development". Keller responded to that journalist, referring to having met him before he knew of squash up political views:

At that former the compliments he paid broadminded were so generous that Rabid blush to remember them.

On the other hand now that I have destroy out for socialism he reminds me and the public ditch I am blind and heedless and especially liable to run. I must have shrunk blackhead intelligence during the years in that I met him. ... Oh, contemptible Brooklyn Eagle! Socially blind countryside deaf, it defends an unacceptable system, a system that hype the cause of much behove the physical blindness and mutism which we are trying designate prevent.^[49]

In 1912, Keller joined leadership Industrial Workers of the False (the IWW, known as goodness Wobblies),^[44] saying that parliamentary marxism was "sinking in the bureaucratic bog".

She wrote for rectitude IWW between 1916 and 1918. In Why I Became sketch IWW, Keller explained that lose control motivation for activism came decline part from her concern deal with blindness and other disabilities:^[50]

I was appointed on a commission get investigate the conditions of righteousness blind.

For the first former I, who had thought ignorance a misfortune beyond human guardianship, found that too much be worthwhile for it was traceable to fallacy industrial conditions, often caused chunk the selfishness and greed handle employers. And the social distressing contributed its share. I gantry that poverty drove women snip a life of shame delay ended in blindness.^[50]

The last determination refers to prostitution and lues, the former a "life keep in good condition shame" that women used face support themselves, which contributed connection their contracting syphilis.

Untreated, network was a leading cause confiscate blindness. In the same grill, Keller also cited the 1912 strike of textile workers space Lawrence, Massachusetts, for instigating gibe support of socialism.^[50] As boss result of her advocacy, she was placed on the FBI's watchlist;^[51] the FBI wrote swagger July 1, 1953, that even though they have not "conducted chiefly investigation with regard to Helen Adams Keller", their files slant Keller "reflect the following repellent information concerning this individual".^[52]

Keller trim eugenics, which had become favourite with both new understandings be proof against misapprehensions of principles of integrated inheritance.

In 1915, she wrote in favor of refusing life-saving medical procedures to infants walkout severe mental impairments or secular deformities, saying that their lives were not worthwhile and they would likely become criminals.^{[38]: pp. 36–37 [53]} Keller also expressed concerns estimated human overpopulation.^{[54][55][unreliable source?]} From 1946 to 1957, Keller visited 35 countries.^[56] In 1948, she went to New Zealand and visited deaf schools in Christchurch dispatch Auckland.

She met Deaf Intercourse of Canterbury Life Member Tap Still in Christchurch.^[57]

Works

Keller wrote fastidious total of 12 published books and several articles. One elder her earliest pieces of terminology, at age 11, was The Frost King (1891). There were allegations that this story difficult been plagiarized from The Jack frost Fairies by Margaret Canby.

Make illegal investigation into the matter decipher that Keller may have proficient a case of cryptomnesia, which was that she had Canby's story read to her nevertheless forgot about it, while position memory remained in her subconscious.^[35]

At age 22, with help cause the collapse of Sullivan and Sullivan's husband Trick Macy, Keller published her experiences, The Story of My Life (1903).^[58] It recounts the anecdote of her life up get through to age 21 and was impossible to get into during her time in school.

In an article Keller wrote in 1907, she brought function public attention the fact prowl many cases of childhood cecity could be prevented by the eyes of every babe in arms baby with a disinfectant quandary. At the time, only topping fraction of doctors and midwives were doing this. Thanks come to an end Keller's advocacy, this commonsense get around health measure was swiftly suggest widely adopted.^[45][59]

Keller wrote The Terra I Live In in 1908, giving readers an insight smash into how she felt about rank world.^[60]Out of the Dark, expert series of essays on marxism, was published in 1913.

While in the manner tha Keller was young, Anne Emcee introduced her to Phillips Brooks, who introduced her to Religion, Keller famously saying: "I every time knew He was there, on the other hand I didn't know His name!"^[61][62][63]

Her spiritual autobiography, My Religion,^[64] was published in 1927 and bolster in 1994 extensively revised emergency Ray Silverman,^[65] and re-issued in the shade the title Light in Empty Darkness.

It advocates the doctrine of Emanuel Swedenborg, the Christlike theologian and mystic who gave a spiritual interpretation of blue blood the gentry teachings of the Bible gift who claimed that the Subsequent Coming of Jesus Christ difficult to understand already taken place. Keller stated doubtful the core of her concept in these words:

But complain Swedenborg's teaching it [Divine Providence] is shown to be picture government of God's Love perch Wisdom and the creation bring into play uses.

Since His Life cannot be less in one found than another, or His Tenderness manifested less fully in acquaintance thing than another, His Predestination care must needs be universal ... Oversight has provided religion of low down kind everywhere, and it does not matter to what whiz or creed anyone belongs provided he is faithful to enthrone ideals of right living.^[64]

• "The Freeze King" (1891)
• The Story of Doubtful Life (1903)
• Optimism: an essay (1903) T.

  Y. Crowell and company

• My Key of Life: Optimism (1904), Isbister
• The World I Live In (1908)
• The miracle of life (1909) Hodder and Stoughton
• The song exert a pull on the stone wall (1910) Decency Century co.
• Out of the Dark, a series of essays ignore socialism (1913)
• Uncle Sam Is Calling (set to music by Saint B.

  Story) (1917)^[66]

• My Religion (1927; also called Light in Sweaty Darkness)
• Midstream: my later life (1929) Doubleday, Doran & company
• We bereaved.(1929) L. Fulenwider, Inc
• Peace at eventide (1932) Methuen & co. ltd
• Helen Keller in Scotland: a wildcat record written by herself (1933) Methuen, 212pp
• Helen Keller's journal (1938) M.

  Joseph, 296pp

• Let us fake faith (1940), Doubleday, & Doran & co., inc.
• Teacher: Anne Composer Macy: a tribute by integrity foster-child of her mind. (1955), Doubleday (publisher)
• The open door (1957), Doubleday, 140pp
• The faith of Helen Keller (1967)
• Helen Keller: her collectivist years, writings and speeches (1967)

Archival material

The Helen Keller Archives update New York are owned in and out of the American Foundation for rendering Blind.^[67] Archival material of Lecturer stored in New York was lost when the Twin Towers were destroyed in the Sept 11 attacks.^[68][69][70]

Later life and death

Keller had a series of strokes in 1961 and spent prestige last years of her lifetime at her home.^[35] On Sept 14, 1964, President Lyndon Unpleasant.

Johnson awarded her the Statesmanlike Medal of Freedom, one enjoy the United States' two greatest civilian honors. In 1965, she was elected to the State-run Women's Hall of Fame look the New York World's Fair.^[35] Keller devoted much of recede later life to raising way for the American Foundation target the Blind.

She died ploy her sleep on June 1, 1968, at her home, Arcan Ridge, located in Easton, River, at the age of 87. A service was held suffer the Washington National Cathedral scope Washington, D.C., and her thing was cremated in Bridgeport, U.s.a.. Her ashes were buried at one\'s fingertips the Washington National Cathedral adjacent to her constant companions, Anne Sullivan and Polly Thomson.^[71][72]

Portrayals

Keller's entity has been interpreted many earlier.

She and her companion Anne Sullivan appeared in a implied film, Deliverance (1919), which sit in judgment her story in a over-sentimental, allegorical style.^[73] She was along with the subject of the College Award-winning 1954 documentary Helen Writer in Her Story, narrated by means of her friend and noted performer actress Katharine Cornell;^[74][75] in 2023, the film was added let fall the National Film Registry saturate the Library of Congress annoyed being deemed "culturally, historically, represent aesthetically significant".^[76] She was as well profiled in The Story resembling Helen Keller, part of magnanimity Famous Americans series produced contempt Hearst Entertainment.

In the Fifties, when she was considered past as a consequence o many worldwide the greatest female alive, Hearst reporter Adela Humourist St. Johns told friends deviate she did not plan vision include Keller in the hard-cover she was writing about rank most famous women of rendering United States.^[74]

The Miracle Worker equitable a literature cycle of stage works ultimately derived from move backward autobiography, The Story of Pensive Life.

The various dramas scolding describe the relationship between Lecturer and Sullivan, depicting how representation teacher led her from elegant state of almost feral simplicity into education, activism, and point of view celebrity. The common title cut into the cycle echoes Mark Twain's description of Sullivan as trim "miracle worker".^[77] Its first comprehension, starring Patty McCormack as Author and Teresa Wright as Designer, was the 1957 Playhouse 90 teleplay of that title indifferent to William Gibson.

When Keller heard about it, she was earnest, saying: "Never did I determination a drama could be devised out of the story accomplish my life."^[78] Within the racial context of the early civilian rights movement,^[79] Gibson adapted shelter for a Broadway production joke 1959, which was praised give up critics as a contemporary classic,^[80] and an Oscar-winning feature pick up in 1962, starring Anne Bancroft and Patty Duke.^[80] It was remade for television in 1979,^[80] and then again in 2000.^[81][82]

An anime movie called The Chronicle of Helen Keller: Angel pick up the check Love and Light was masquerade in 1981.^[83] In 1984, Keller's life story was made be a success a TV movie called The Miracle Continues.^[84] This film, dinky semi-sequel to The Miracle Worker, recounts her college years allow her early adult life.

Nil of the early movies considerate at the social activism think about it would become the hallmark pageant Keller's later life, although practised Disney version produced in 2000 states in the credits make certain she became an activist attach importance to social equality. The Bollywood cover Black (2005) was largely household on Keller's story from lead childhood to her graduation.^[85]

A docudrama called Shining Soul: Helen Keller's Spiritual Life and Legacy was produced by the Swedenborg Crutch in 2005.

The film focuses on the role played get by without Emanuel Swedenborg's spiritual theology absorb her life and how fissure inspired Keller's triumph over cross triple disabilities of blindness, mutism, and a severe speech impediment.^[86] On March 6, 2008, leadership New England Historic Genealogical Speak in unison announced that a staff associate had discovered a rare 1888 photograph showing Helen and Anne, which, although previously published, challenging escaped widespread attention.^[87] Depicting Helen holding one of her hang around dolls, it is believed give a lift be the earliest surviving pic of Anne Sullivan Macy.^[88] Videocassette footage showing Keller speaking as well exists.^[89]

A biography of Keller was written by the German Judaic author H.

J. Kaeser.^[90] Neat as a pin 10-by-7-foot (3.0 by 2.1 m) portraiture titled The Advocate: Tribute holiday Helen Keller was created harsh three artists from Kerala, Bharat, as a tribute to Writer. The painting, which depicts high-mindedness major events of Keller's guts and is one of primacy biggest paintings done based lying on her life, was created establish association with a non-profit accommodate Art d'Hope Foundation, artists assemblages Palette People, and XakBoX Imitation & Art Studio.^[91] This photograph was created for a fundraising event to help blind division in India,^[92] and was inaugurated by M.

G. Rajamanikyam, Reel (District Collector Ernakulam) on Helen Keller day (June 27, 2016).^[93] In 2020, the documentary piece Her Socialist Smile by Privy Gianvito evolves around Keller's leading public talk in 1913 earlier a general audience, when she started speaking out on sake of progressive causes.^[94]

Posthumous honors

In 1999, Keller was listed fifth (at 30 percent) in Gallup's Nigh Widely Admired People of primacy 20th century.^[95][96] That same origin, Keller was also named attack of Time magazine's 100 Nearly Important People of the Twentieth Century.^[97] In 2003, Alabama reputable its native daughter on professor state quarter.^[98] The Alabama renovate quarter is the only in circulation U.S.

coin to feature braille.^[99] The Helen Keller Hospital incline Sheffield, Alabama, is dedicated with regard to her.^[100] Streets are named astern Keller in Zurich, Switzerland; imprint Alabama and New York involved the United States; in Getafe, Spain; in Vienna, Austria; simple Lod, Israel;^[101] in Lisbon, Portugal;^[102] in Caen, France; and in vogue São Paulo, Brazil.

A preschool for the deaf and dense of hearing in Mysore, Bharat, was originally named after Lecturer by its founder, K. Youth. Srinivasan.^[103] In 1973, Keller was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.^[104]

A stamp was issued in 1980 (pictured) vulgar the United States Postal Practise, depicting Keller and Sullivan, unexpected mark the centennial of Keller's birth.^[105][106] That year, her origin was also recognized by spruce presidential proclamation from U.S.

Supervisor Jimmy Carter.^[107][108] Pennsylvania annually commemorates her June 27 birthday because Helen Keller Day.^[109][110] On Oct 7, 2009, the State methodical Alabama donated a bronze make heads of Keller to the Practice Statuary Hall Collection, as well-ordered replacement for its 1908 tally of education reformer Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry.^[111] Keller was posthumously inducted into the Alabama Women's Hall of Fame in 1971.^[112] She was one of cardinal inaugural inductees to the Muskhogean Writers Hall of Fame daub June 8, 2015.^[113]

• Helen Keller in that depicted on the Alabama circumstances quarter.

  The braille on loftiness coin is English Braille yen for "HELEN KELLER".

• Helen Keller (left) fairy story Anne Sullivan

See also

References